Severe pneumocephalus after penetrating injury to the lumbar spine

Introduction: Pneumocephalus is air or gas located in the intracranial cavity. Head trauma is the most common cause of pneumocephalus, with the majority of cases resulting from sinus and basilar skull fractures. A small number of case reports have been published describing pneumocephalus after cervical and thoracic penetrating injuries. To our knowledge, we report the first case of severe pneumocephalus in a patient with multiple penetrating stab wounds to the lumbar spine. Case Report: A healthy 21­year­old male presented to the trauma service with multiple stab wounds to the chest and lumbar spine after being assaulted. Computed tomography scans demonstrated severe pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis. The patient had neurological deterioration and repeat head scans revealed worsening pneumocephalus. Myelography revealed a cerebrospinal fluid leak and thus warranted neurosurgical intervention to repair a dural tear. The patient made a full recovery without any neurological sequelae. Conclusion: Pneumocephalus caused by penetrating spinal trauma is exceedingly rare, especially to the lumbar spine and an extensive review revealed no cases in the literature. Our patient’s mechanism of trauma along with his clinical symptoms and radiographic images led to his timely diagnosis, avoidance of tension pneumocephalus and allowed for the most appropriate interventions for a full neurological recovery. The common etiologies, symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment options relevant to this case will be reviewed.